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- Evaluating Home Mortgage Alternatives
-
- By Thomas Boehm, Lillian Mason and John Wachowicz
-
- Computerized Investing, November/December 1988
-
-
- This article presents a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet to calculate
- aftertax annual percentage rate (APR) schedules for mortgages with
- different loan terms. The aftertax annual percentage rate, which
- is the actual effective cost of a loan, can differ substantially
- from the loan's nominal interest rate -- the periodic rate of
- interest stated on the loan agreement. In addition, the least
- costly loan alternative may differ for households in different tax
- situations and with different expectations on how long they will
- live in the new house.
-
- In some situations, lenders will charge different points and
- different nominal interest rates for mortgages with different
- terms. For example, borrowing a higher percentage of the purchase
- price might carry higher interest cost and higher points. You want
- to be able to evaluate such situations as well.
-
- The term "points" refers to a payment that is made at the loan
- closing which is calculated as a percentage of the face value of
- the loan. This charge represents an interest payment to the
- lending institution and is typically tax deductible, except in a
- refinancing. When refinancing your principal residence, points
- must be amortized over the life of the mortgage. Each point
- represents a payment of 1% of the value of the loan. Thus, a 2.0
- point payment would be equal to 2% of the loan amount. In
- addition, paying points has the effect of reducing the net amount
- you are borrowing. You must provide additional cash now to pay the
- points; that means you have a lower net amount borrowed.
-
- Suppose you are going to purchase a home and you are faced with the
- choice between two 30-year mortgages. One mortgage has an 11.5%
- annual nominal interest rate, and 2.0 points. The second mortgage
- has a lower nominal interest rate, but higher points -- 10.0% and
- 6.0 points. In either case, you are going to borrow the same
- amount, $125,000, and your Federal income tax rate is 33%. How
- will you decide which mortgage option is best? The lenders
- offering these two mortgages would present you with a single annual
- percentage rate figure for each loan. You could base your decision
- on this information. However, these annual percentage rate figures
- might be misinterpreted for two reasons -- they do not take into
- account your tax situation and they assume that the mortgage would
- be kept until maturity.
-
- The deductibility of mortgage interest for federal income tax
- calculations is an important benefit associated with home
- ownership. This benefit will be higher for individuals in higher
- marginal income tax brackets. The true after-tax cost of a
- mortgage must be considered when selecting the least-cost mortgage
- alternative. However, this is not considered in the annual
- percentage rate figure presented by a lender.
-
- The lender's annual percentage rate calculation is also based on
- the assumption that you are going to keep your mortgage until
- maturity. In reality, studies have shown that the average life of
- a 30-year mortgage is only 10 to 12 years. Anytime you have a
- mortgage in which fixed charges, such as points, are paid up front,
- your actual annual percentage rate depends on the length of time
- you stay in that residence. In the choice presented above, we
- would expect the annual percentage rate of Mortgage 1 to be lower
- if you lived in your house only a few years. However, if the
- mortgage were kept longer, Mortgage 2 seems to have the lowest
- cost.
-
- The mortgage spreadsheet calculates the aftertax annual percentage
- rate schedule for mortgage alternatives using your specific tax
- situation. You can then choose the loan with the lowest effective
- cost given the length of time you expect to live in the house. In
- fact, you will be able to determine the number of years in
- residence for one financing alternative to dominate the other.
-
- The spreadsheet is completely menu driven and easy to use. When the
- program is loaded, you will see that it is completely menu driven
- and easy to use. Loading the program will bring up the first input
- screen. Typing ALT-I will allow you to input information for your
- mortgage situation. Once PRINCIPAL, TAX RATE, and the other
- information specific to your two mortgage options have been
- entered, striking [RETURN] will cause the calculations to be done.
-
- After the calculations are complete, five parts of the worksheet
- are available to be viewed and/or printed: Input, APR-Table, 1st-
- Cash-Flow, 2nd-Cash-Flow, and Graph. The Input section of the
- worksheet contains the original information you provided and, in
- addition, presents mortgage payment and interest rate information
- which corresponds to the nominal interest rates selected for the
- two options. Please note that the After-Tax APR in the input
- section is the annual percentage rate at the end of the 30-year
- holding period for both mortgage options. The APR-Table presents
- the annual percentage rates over various holding periods, and the
- 1st- and 2nd-Cash-Flow sections show the monthly cash flows for
- the two mortgage options. Finally, there is a graph illustrating
- the point at which the two annual percentage rate schedules cross
- (unless one dominates the other under all tenure possibilities).
- When you are finished, type /, QUIT, and YES to exit. If you wish
- to save this worksheet information, type /, FILE, and SAVE
- [RETURN], and REPLACE prior to exiting.
-
- For the example we used, it is clear that if you expect to stay in
- the same home three years or less, Option 1 would be the least
- costly. Alternatively, if your anticipated stay is four years or
- more, then Option 2 would be the best choice. If you would like
- to see a detailed presentation of the formulas used in the
- calculation of the after-tax annual percentage rate and an expanded
- discussion of the need for annual percentage rate schedules, see
- "An Empirical Examination of the Bias in the APR and the Need for
- Annual Percentage Rate Schedules" in Housing Finance Review, Vol.
- 5, No. 2, Fall 1986, by Kenneth A. Jessell, Daniel E. McCarty, and
- William R. McDaniel.
-
-
- (c) Copyright 1988 by the
- American Association of Individual Investors